Petals of Blood by Ngugi Wa Thiong’o

 Petals of Blood 

              by 

         Ngugi Wa Thiong’o

Hello Readers! This blog is a part of Thinking Activity. It was assigned by Megha Ma'am, Department of English, MKBU. In this blog I am going to write about some of the ideas about Petals of Blood by Ngugi Wa Thiong’o.

                                              

Author : Ngugi Wa Thiong’o

 

Ngugi wa Thiong'o was a famous writer from Kenya. He was born on January 5, 1938, in Limuru, Kenya. He wrote many important books, and one of his most famous ones is called "Weep Not, Child," which came out in 1964. It was a big deal because it was the first important novel in English written by someone from East Africa.

As Ngugi learned more about how colonialism affected Africa, he became more aware and changed his name to his traditional one. He also started writing in the language of the Kikuyu people, who are from Kenya. Ngugi wa Thiong'o was a well known writer from Kenya who wrote important books and made a big impact on African literature.

Ngugi received bachelor’s degrees from Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, in 1963 and from Leeds University, Yorkshire, England, in 1964. After doing graduate work at Leeds, he served as a lecturer in English at University College, Nairobi, Kenya, and as a visiting professor of English at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, U.S. From 1972 to 1977 he was senior lecturer and chairman of the department of literature at the University of Nairobi.  Click here (Britannica)

Petals of Blood 

      

‘Petals of Blood’ is a novel written by Ngugi wa Thiong'o. This novel was published in 1977 and set in Kenya after it gained independence from colonial rule. The title of the book comes from a line in a poem by Derek Walcott called ‘The Swamp’. The story follows four characters whose lives are greatly affected by a rebellion, as they try to adapt to a rapidly changing society influenced by Western ways.

Ngugi once said in an interview in 1969 that the perfect African novel should cover the time before colonialism, during colonialism, and after independence, while also pointing toward the future. Critics believe ‘Petals of Blood’ embodies this ideal. Ngugi spent five years working on the novel, completing it in 1975 while staying at the Soviet Writers Union in Yalta.

During the book's launch in 1977, the Kenyan Vice President, Mwai Kibaki, attended, suggesting Kenya supported freedom of speech. However, Ngugi was detained and later arrested the same year after releasing his Gikuyu play, ‘I Will Marry When I Want’.

Major Characters of the Novel : 

Wanja

Wanja is Nyakinyua's granddaughter. She is described as smart, passionate, intuitive, and determined. When she was young, she had to stop going to school because she got involved with Kimeria, a wealthy businessman, and got pregnant. Her father didn't support her, so she had to fend for herself. She ended up working as a barmaid and prostitute. She felt deep sadness for the child she lost and always wanted to be a mother again. She moved to Ilmorog to be close to her grandmother and became friends with Munira and Abdulla.  

Munira

Munira is one of the four main characters in the story. He left his wife and his controlling, wealthy father to start fresh in Ilmorog, where he worked as a teacher. He tried hard to fit in with the community, but he always felt a bit like an outsider. Munira was deeply in love with Wanja, but she did not feel the same way about him, which made him very upset. He was not very interested in politics or the struggles of the people around him, and he usually avoided those conversations. Because he grew up in a Christian family, he often felt guilty about his own actions, especially his romantic feelings for Wanja. Munira wanted recognition from his bosses, even if they were controlled by Europeans.

Karega

Karega is a determined and passionate young man who cares deeply about fighting for the people's rights. He grew up on Munira's father's land with his mother, but he never got to know his older brother Ndinguri, who was executed during the Mau Mau Rebellion. Karega attended the prestigious Siriana school for a while, but he got kicked out for protesting against the strict and unfair rules. He stayed there for some time and was the one who came up with the idea of the journey to Ilmorog. After the journey, Karega became a teacher at the school but felt frustrated. He believed the children weren't learning about Kenya's true history and the challenges they faced in Ilmorog.

Abdulla 

Abdulla is one of the main characters in the story. He is a shopkeeper who lost his leg during the Mau Mau Rebellion, which helped Kenya gain independence. He became friends with Wanja, Karega, and Munira after they all came to Ilmorog. Abdulla lived a simple life with his adopted son Joseph and his donkey. Abdulla was intuitive but often felt cynical and pessimistic. He did not like how people in power treated them in Nairobi, and he struggled with the changes happening in Ilmorog after their trip. Karega leaving and Wanja going back to her old life deeply affected him. He spent a lot of time feeling miserable and living in poor conditions before the murder happened. 

Themes of the Novel : 

Colonialism: 

Colonialism reflects a long lasting impact on Kenyan society particularly through the lens of exploitation, oppression, and the disruption of traditional ways of life.

Identity and Cultural Struggles:

Ngugi wa Thiong'o explores the complexities of identity and cultural heritage in the face of modernization and Westernization.

Corruption and Injustice:

Corruption and injustice are pervasive themes throughout the novel, reflecting the reality of post-colonial Kenya. The narrative exposes the exploitation of the working class by the ruling elite and the collusion between political power and economic interests.

Capitalism: 

‘Petals of Blood’ critiques the capitalist system and its detrimental effects on society and particularly in the context of neocolonialism. This novel depicts how capitalist exploitation exacerbates poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation. It exposes the ruthless pursuit of profit at the expense of human dignity and social justice.

History, Sexuality, and Gender in Ngugi’s Petals of Blood : 

In this article,  Petals of Blood offers at least two models for anti-Imperial history. The first is a model of black world historical struggle. We might call this epochal struggle. The second is a model of Kenyan national struggle.

Petals of Blood is interesting, because in it we see Ngugi’s political vision widening out from a decolonising nationalism to broader anti Imperial axes of identification. Ngugi’s University of Leeds research on George Lamming in particular, and to his wider reading in Caribbean literature more generally.

It is useful here to recall that Petals of Blood is named after a line in Derek Walcott’s poem, ‘The Swamp,’ and that it alludes to at least two of V. S. Naipaul’s novels reference The Mystic Masseur and The Mimic Men as the narrative unfolds.

In Caribbean literature and in the black diaspora more generally, Ngugi discovers a shared past of world historical proportions, and a community whose grievances and possibilities are global in scope. Petals of Blood undertakes an aesthetic of reconnection in which Caribbean, African American and African struggles for liberation are mutually informing and enlivening. 

Accordingly, the affiliations of Petals of Blood are diasporic, the scale of its ambition is epic, and its structure is almost biblical. This is no exaggeration. In Homecoming, Ngugi writes that ‘there is something about the Jewish experience, the biblical experience which appeals to the West Indian novelist. Biblical man has been a slave and an exile from home’.

Kenyan national history as a generational history of struggle. The novel is using an idea of generational history, derived from Kikuyu customary institutions, to think about democratic forms of political power. 

Petals of Blood relies to some extent upon indigenous mechanisms of naming associated with circumcision and clitoridectomy. Gikuyu oral history was remembered via the significant names given annually to the circumcision age-sets, and these names link each generation to the significant historical events that accompany their rite of passage into manhood or womanhood.

The novel also draws on the Gikuyu custom of itwika, in which there was a peaceful transfer of power from one generation to the next, approximately every 30 years. This peaceful transfer of power ensured a ‘democratic’ system of government, because no generation could exercise power for all time.

There are signposts in Petals of Blood that it is reviving this idea of itwika as a form of cyclical and revolutionary democracy. Itwika was introduced when the iregi age-set revolted against a despotic king, following which power passed peacefully to the ndemi age-set who settled to cultivate the land. 

Re-historicizing the conflicted figure of Woman in Petals of Blood : 

‘Petals of Blood’ by Ngugi wa Thiong'o shows his interest in strong female characters like Wanja. Wanja excels in areas where women characters don't often get the spotlight. She shows strength in her connection to the land, acts as a nurturing figure for the whole village, and takes charge of her own destiny.

Wanja decides to go back to the city despite it being difficult for her, showing her determination. Even after facing a terrible ordeal of rape during the journey, she keeps going. Wanja helps improve Abdulla's business using her knowledge of advertising and marketing. She also makes a good profit for both of them by introducing the theng'eta drink.

Wanja's turn to prostitution is sad and cynical, it's also a practical solution to her problems. Despite the hardships she faces, Wanja remains a powerful and determined character throughout the story.

Wanja's character indeed represents a significant departure from traditional portrayals of women in literature, particularly within the African and postcolonial canon. She embodies agency, resilience, and resourcefulness, qualities that challenge stereotypical depictions of women as passive or dependent on men. Wanja's portrayal resonates strongly with many feminists who appreciate her as a symbol of female empowerment and strength.

As Govind Narain Sharma suggests, Wanja is the spirit and earth of Kenya, humiliated, exploited and ill used . This all affirming acceptance of Ngugi's use of Wanja as trope has left him open to other important and little discussed criticism that has gone unanswered; or perhaps the lack of discussion is the answer in itself.

Ngugi's Marxist philosophies and that he also complicates this characterization with the use of Kenyan women's historical specificity. The fact of and meaning behind this specificity eludes Stratton's criticism precisely because her critique is Western feminist before it is postcolonial. 

In bringing to light the historical position of Kenyan women at the time the book takes place, to illuminate Wanja's character in such a way that we can see her, like Munira, Karega, and Abdulla, as a very real representative of the Kenyan nation.

The relationship between women, land, and sexuality than Ngugi's politics: it is also related to Gikuyu tradition. Carolyn Martin Shaw argues, the Gikuyu women do most of the extensive heavy labour in the fields. Thus, as Wanja works the fields with the Ndemi Nyakinyua Group and feels, in her ripening relationship with Karega, "about to flower" , she may be seen as culturally specific as well as archetypal.

According to Gikuyu tradition, woman is associated with land and land transfer; she functions as a mark of purity in this process. 

As Cora Ann Presley explains:

Women of Gikuyu tradition played an important role on ceremonial occasions, acting as witnesses and participants in rituals of primary importance to the community the ceremony of transfer was not complete without the presence and involvement of the Kikuyu participant's wives in the ritual that finalized the transfer of land. In another case when the kiama elders wished to purify a village women's participation in the ceremony was required.

References : 

• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ngugi wa Thiong’o". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ngugi-wa-Thiongo . Accessed 28 January 2024.

• Nicholls, BL. “History, Intertextuality and Gender in Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s Petals of Blood.” Moving Worlds: A Journal of Transcultural Writings, 2014, pp. 71-76. E-print, https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/97268/ . Accessed 28 January 2024.

• Open AI. "Chat GPT-3.5"

• Roos, Bonnie. “Re-Historicizing the Conflicted Figure of Woman in Ngugi’s ‘Petals of Blood.’” Research in African Literatures, vol. 33, no. 2, 2002, pp. 154–70. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3820979 . Accessed 28 Jan. 2024.

Thanks for reading. 

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Evaluating Sources: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th Edition)

 Research Paper as a form of Communication

Hello Readers!

   I am going to write a blog on Research as a form of communication , assigned by Vaidehi Ma’am , DOE, MKBU. In which i am going to write on that while reading this particular topic of Research Paper as a form of Communication, in which what i understand ? All the points are from the book named 'MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers'.

                                          

What is Research writing ? 

                                   

Research writing is a type of writing where you use information from different sources like books, articles, the internet, and experts to convince or educate others about a specific idea. 

People do research to learn more about something they find interesting about what which they want to Research.   

                         

It comes in various forms, such as articles in journals, magazines, or web pages. People like academics, journalists, or anyone interested in a topic can do research writing either alone or by working together with others. 

The  major goal of the particular research  is that to present a point of view which supported by evidence and help readers understand more about a particular subject. 

Research is like going on an adventure to find information. You can explore books, chat with experts, or even dive into the vast ocean of the internet. It's all about gathering bits and pieces of knowledge.

The essential components or building blocks of research writing are the same no matter what kind of question you are answering or what kind of reader you are assuming as you share your answer. Research is the physical process of gathering information and the mental process of deriving the answer to your question from the information you gathered. Research writing is the process of sharing the answer to your research question along with the evidence on which your answer is based, the sources you used, and your own reasoning and explanation. By Lumen Learning

Form of Writing Communication : 

 

Writing communication is a key and it is an art of expressing thoughts and ideas. Research is about learning new things. 

A research paper is a form of written communication, ike other kinds of nonfiction writing-letters, memos, reports, essays, articles, books-it should present information and ideas clearly and effectively. You should not let the mechanics of gathering source materials; taking notes, and documenting sources make you forget to apply the knowledge and skills you have acquired through previous writing experiences.

Different Forms : 

Essays that Educate: Ever written an essay for school? That's written communication right there! Research helps turn your essay into a treasure trove of knowledge, making your ideas not just interesting but also backed by solid facts.

Incredible Articles: Journalists use written communication to tell captivating stories. Research ensures their articles are not just captivating but also trustworthy. Ever read a news article and thought, "Wow, that's fascinating!"? Thank research for that!

Blogging Brilliance: Ah, the world of blogs! Anyone can be a blogger, sharing their thoughts and discoveries. Research transforms your blog into a reliable source of information, attracting readers who hunger for knowledge.

Business Bonanza - Reports and Proposals: In the professional realm, written communication is key. Research-backed reports and proposals showcase your expertise and make a compelling case for your ideas.

Role of Research in Papers : 

 

It's the foundation, the evidence, the backbone that gives your paper credibility. Whether you're exploring the mysteries of black holes or dissecting the impact of climate change, research turns your words into a powerhouse of information.

Key Elements of Research Paper Communication :

Introduction - Setting the Stage: Just like starting a conversation, the introduction of your research paper sets the tone. It tells readers what to expect, enticing them to delve deeper into your exploration.

Literature Review - Joining the Conversation: Picture a big, ongoing discussion about your topic. The literature review is where you jump in, citing what others have said and establishing where your unique voice fits into the conversation.

Methodology - Revealing Your Toolkit: It's like sharing your secrets. How did you gather your data? What tools did you use? The methodology section lets readers peek behind the curtain, understanding the process behind your discoveries.

Results - Unveiling the Treasure: The heart of your paper – the results! Here's where you showcase what you found. Tables, graphs, and charts become your visual aids, helping readers grasp the essence of your research.

Discussion - Interpreting the Findings: Like a post-game analysis, the discussion section interprets your results. What do they mean? How do they contribute to the bigger picture? It's your chance to guide readers through the maze of your discoveries.

Conclusion - Wrapping it Up: Just like ending a conversation, the conclusion ties everything together. It's not just a summary; it's your final pitch, leaving a lasting impression on your readers.

References : 

• MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. United States, Modern Language Association of America, 2009.

• Open AI. "Chat GPT-3.5"

 

12th Fail : Film Review and Comparative Study

 Film Screening - 

         12th Fail     

                                     #RESTART                  

Hello Readers! I am going to write about a blog on movie screening of 12th Fail #Restart as a task of Sunday Reading , assigned by Dr Dilip Barad sir , HOD , Department of English , MKBU.

 

"12th Fail" is a movie made in 2023 in Hindi, released on 27 October, 2023. It is a true story about a man named Manoj Kumar Sharma, who grew up very poor but went on to become a police officer. The movie is based on a book by Anurag Pathak. Vikrant Massey is the main actor, and other cast members include Medha Shankar, Anant V Joshi, Anshumaan Pushkar, and Priyanshu Chatterjee. “12th Fail” Movie directed, written and Produced by Vidhu Vinod Sharma, unfolds as a powerful narrative that not only captivates audiences with its engaging storytelling but also offers a profound commentary on various aspects of our society. 

"12th Fail" did really well and got a lot of positive reviews. People liked it so much that it became a surprise hit, making more than ₹66 crore (which is about US$8.3 million) worldwide, even though it was made with a budget of ₹20 crore (around US$2.5 million). At the 69th Filmfare Awards, the movie got 12 nominations, including for Best Film and Best Director.

   

Here are some points to ponder in which I am going to write my blog.

1. Introduction:

• Begin with a captivating introduction that sets the tone for your review.

• Briefly introduce the film, providing necessary details about its background.

2. Theoretical Framework:

• Apply relevant literary and film studies theories to analyze the cinematic elements of the film.

• Discuss how the film aligns with or challenges these theoretical frameworks.

3. Contextualization:

• Place the film within broader discourses, such as its implications in the education system, government jobs, cultural context, or its reflection of youth aspirations.

• Explore the socio-cultural relevance of the film.

4. Thematic Study:

• Conduct a thematic study, delving into the core themes of the film.

• Analyze how these themes contribute to the overall narrative and societal commentary.

5. Comparative Analysis:

• Compare the film with a similar one from a different culture, time, nation, or regional language.

• Highlight similarities, differences, and the cultural significance of each.

6. Conclusion:

• Summarize your key observations and insights from the review.

• Conclude with your overall assessment of the film's impact and relevance.

Introduction: 

 Vikrant plays the role of Manoj Kumar Singh in the movie, a young aspiring IPS officer from Chambal. He has big dreams but lacks a clear direction on how to achieve them. After a meeting with an upright police officer, he is inspired to create a meaningful life for himself. Leaving Chambal behind, he heads to Delhi to prepare for the UPSC exams. Along the way, he faces every imaginable challenge life throws at him. 

The central question remains: will he overcome these obstacles and achieve his goal?

                                 

12vi Fail is the real-life story of IPS Officer Manoj Kumar Sharma and his wife IRS Officer Shraddha Joshi. The degree of embellishment doesn’t matter here, because like a coaching center teacher, played delightfully by Vikas Divyakirti, a teacher himself, explains ... .diwali waala rocket or NASA waale rocket ka principal same hai. Kahani asli hai ya nakli , mool same hai ki what does it take, in our country, for a person to break through class divides? Is being a police officer a way of giving back to Manoj, or a way of taking something he believes he deserves, i.e. dignity of life, the ability to work, and the power to enforce the law?(#Tyagi)

The film ends with text saying it is dedicated to a handful of honest police officers, and if nothing else, it is mildly shocking to see a Hindi film be about the police force and assure you it is not copaganda.

People are talking about the movie 12th Fail and its emotional scenes.from Dalit perspective this movie needs to be seen critically.Emotionally, this Movie tried to connect with the audience. This Movie depicts the struggle of a Person to crack the UPSC Examination. The main characters in this Movie are Manoj Sharma, Pritam Pandey, Shraddha Joshi,  and Gauri Bhaiya. Manoj Sharma was shown as a person who came from a poor family; his father was in a job and later got suspended.In the Movie, it has been shown that he was poor and came to Delhi and struggled a lot to Crack the IAS Exam. When Manoj was coming to Delhi to become an IAS, his belongings and money were stolen. Then he got help from Pritam Pandey, Pritam Pandey helped him to travel to Delhi; he got help in Delhi also from Gauri Bhaiya; it seems like he was getting help instantly from whomever he was coming in contact with. he got admission to a coaching institution instantly with help.

Theoretical Framework : 

  

In this movie there are some frames which I have  observed during Screening. So in which,

Frame of Manoj’s father & Officer of cheap grain Ration  

        

        

        

The officer told Manoj Kumar's father that the village MLA had said to sign the book. Manoj's father said that the officer or Kishan did not get any seeds, did you want a signature in the book? Officer asked Manoj's father again, will you sign? The officer told Manoj's father that it has been a month since the seed distribution file has not been signed yet. Manoj’s father said that , If the seeds have not been distributed among the farmers, then how can I sign on such a scam file? The officer told Manoj's father that he was pointing fingers at the MLA, then the officer told the employee to write a suspension letter (of Manoj's father).

Same situation here is one article on the basis of the same thing, if Manoj was Dalit? 

This Movie looks like the glorification of a person who comes from a Caste that is regarded as a superior in Society to show how hardworking he was. There are many Dalits who want to have a better Career. Still, no one comes into their life and support like Manoj Sharma in the Movie was getting.Because of lack of money, lack of resources, lack of Social Capital, lack of cultural capital, lack of economic Capital and obviously because of his Caste, Many Dalits have to leave their studies and have been compelled to drop out of the Schools, and because of Caste Humiliation,Caste Discrimination Which they face in Schools and also on colleges.

What is it? We can call It as a Caste privilege because he was getting help from everywhere.If the Character had been a Dalit, would he/she have gotten this help instantly? No. It is hard for a Dalit to get the kind of help that Manoj Sharma in the Movie was getting. Does the main character of the movie face discrimination because of his Caste in School? Did he drop out of School because of Caste discrimination and Humiliation? Does he get beaten because of his Caste? Faced Humiliated because of his Caste? Does Manoj’s Father get Humiliated because of his Caste? Do Manoj’s father and his forefather put human excrement on his head? Is Manoj not allowed to mingle with others because of his Caste? Did  he have to hide his Father’s Surname in School and college because of his Caste? Did his Mother get Humiliated Because of her Caste? This was the Caste privilege of the hero in the Movie,who doesn’t have to go through all this that what a Dalit Aspirant goes through. 

This is the Caste privilege That Manoj Sharma in the Movie got, and he got help from everyone whom he met. That is the Caste privilege, Which Caste Privileged people haven’t acknowledged yet. This movie does not show the hidden privileges that he was getting because of his Caste. In this Movie, it is shown that Manoj gets a Chance to give an interview twice; if he had been a Dalit, he would not have gotten the chance to face an interview twice.We can see the Case of Tina Dabi, A topper, but even today, people use Casteist slurs and question her merit only because she comes from Dalit community. The so-called question of “Merit” is always connected with a Dalit.

A person who borned in a Caste which is regarded as a superior in society will never face. In this Movie, it has also been shown that, While searching for Coaching, Manoj found Shraddha Joshi; he slowly started to love her and proposed to Shraddha. Shraddha also accepted his proposal, and Shraddha told him that even if you do not become an IAS,she would love him; Shraddha was her support in his entire journey. Does this thing happen if a Character would have been a Dalit? No, because Caste would have become the barrier. Both Manoj and Shraddha came from a family that is regarded as superior in Society, so it became easier for both of them to marry in a Society where everything is decided by Caste. If Manoj had been a Dalit, his Love would not have been accepted, and it would not have turned into marriage; one needs only to Google, and one will find what price a Dalit pays for loving a person to those Whose Caste is regarded as a superior in the Society.when you google you will find many cases where a Dalit gets killed, or the girl who was loving to a Dalit gets killed only merely for loving. (#Satkar)

 

Contextualization : 

The intense competition and societal pressures associated with the pursuit of government jobs, particularly in the context of UPSC exams. It explores the sacrifices and challenges faced by aspirants.  The societal emphasis on government jobs as symbols of stability and success, raising questions about the systemic hurdles in the pursuit of such careers.

Thematic study : 

 

12th Fail movies traditional education system, emphasizing the limitations and narrow definitions of success it imposes. Manoj's story questions societal norms that equate academic success with an individual's potential. The resilience and determination of the protagonist, Manoj Kumar Singh. Despite facing numerous challenges, setbacks, and societal expectations, he persists in pursuing his dream of becoming an IPS officer.  This theme reflects the indomitable human spirit and highlights how unwavering determination can lead to remarkable achievements, inspiring audiences to overcome obstacles in their own lives. Manoj's journey from a disadvantaged background in Chambal to the competitive world of UPSC exam preparation in Delhi. It explores the challenges and aspirations associated with upward social mobility in Indian society.

Comparative Analyses : 

   

These films based on real-life stories offer audiences a profound connection to the diverse narratives that shape our world. Through compelling performances, authentic storytelling, and a commitment to honouring the essence of reality, these films have created a niche of their own. Similar to 'Super 30,' '12th Fail' delves into the intricacies of the education system and societal challenges. While 'Super 30' focuses on the impact of the caste and class system on education and celebrates academic excellence, '12th Fail' takes a broader perspective. It not only applauds academic achievements but also emphasizes the transformative influence of education in shaping destinies. The film features Hrithik Roshan in the lead role, bringing to light the societal complexities and transformative power of education in a distinct narrative.’ 

                            

Conclusion : 

This movie primarily highlights Manoj's challenges during his UPSC preparation. However, given the constraints of a two-hour film, it inevitably falls short of encompassing the entirety of his life journey depicted in the book. While the film has its commendable aspects, the deviations from the source material and the inherent limitations of a feature film prompt considerations about the comprehensive portrayal of Manoj's life. A more extended format, such as a series, might offer a more nuanced and justified exploration of the intricacies present in the original book.

References : 

 

Chopra, Vidhu Vinod, director. 12th Fail. Vinod Chopra Films, 2023.

“Real-Life Inspiration: Indian Films Based on True Stories | 'Super 30', '12th Fail', 'Mission Raniganj.'” Outlook India, 24 November 2023, https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-super-30-to-12th-fail-indian-films-based-on-real-life-stories-that-inspire-news-332692. Accessed 21 January 2024.

Satkar, Shubhangi. “12th fail Movie and Hidden Caste privilege: A Critical Analysis from Dalit Perspective.” दलित टाइम्स (दलित टाइम्स), 15 January 2024, https://dalittimes.in/twelfth-fail-movie-and-hidden-caste-privilege-a-critical-analysis-from-dalit-perspective/. Accessed 21 January 2024.

Tyagi, Sucharita. “12th Fail Movie Review — Sucharita Tyagi | by Sucharita Tyagi | Medium.” Sucharita Tyagi, 27 October 2023, https://sucharitatyagi.medium.com/12th-fail-movie-review-sucharita-tyagi-2aea58e90fd3. Accessed 21 January 2024.

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