Derrida and Deconstruction : Flipped Learning

 5.1 : Derrida $ Deconstruction

1. Defining deconstruction : 

1.1. • Why is it difficult to define Deconstruction?

 'Deconstruction' too obviously implied an annihilation or whether it is negative reduction much closer to Nietzchean 'demolition'. And he argues on binary oppositions and that is why it's defined to be difficult.

1.2. • Is Deconstruction a negative term?

 In French 'Deconstruction' too obviously implied an annihilation or less negative reduction than Hydegger's reversal. 

1.3. • How does Deconstruction happen on its own?

Because,  the very Derrida argues is based on distinctions or binary oppositions. It is considered to inquire into limits in a philosophical way. 

2. Heidegger and Derrida : 

2.1. • The influence of Heidegger on Derrida: 

The influence of Heidegger on derrida which is quite substantial that metaphysical of presence is that when we consider being of something. For Ex. Any object like a chair or board. It's associated with its presence. While Derrida pointed out that the meaning of the word is nothing but another word. Clarity is that convention is always social. 

2.2. • Derridean rethinking of the foundations of Western philosophy

Derrida's foundation of western philosophy is built on the differences , binary oppositions just like human language. The binary is seen as inferiorly deviating. 

                 3. Saussure and Derrida : 

3.1. • Ferdinand de Saussureian concept of language (that meaning is arbitrary, relational, constitutive)

The concept of language which connects a word with its meaning or as a signal with its meaning is the convention and the convention is always social. 

3.2. • How does Derrida deconstruct the idea of arbitrariness?

Derrida's deconstructs the idea of arbitrariness is not natural, it's conventional. This bias is one of the things which Heidegger is questioning the association of a being with its presence. 

3.3. • Concept of metaphysics of presence

The concept of Metaphysics of presence: Logocentrism and Phonocentrism and this concept taken from Heidegger that is the connecting link between Heidegger and Derrida, both are often connected with its presence. 

4. DifferAnce : 

4.1. • Derridean concept of DifferAnce

The Derridean concept of Difference, "Difference doesn't have audible thus it becomes difficult to understand." Another one Derrida is drawing attention towards is the difference between speech and writing. He questions the privilege of speech over writing. And third one is that difference is not an Idea or concept but a force which makes differentiation  possible, which makes postponing possible. 

4.2. • Infinite play of meaning

The DifferAnce with 'A' , Derrida implies a force and its makes differentiation possible, which makes postponing possible. The communication that we are having right now is made possible by difference , because we are distinguishing between words. The ultimate meaning of what we are discussing that can never be grasped. 

5. Structure, Sign and Play : 

5.1. • Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences

A paper - the colloquium on ‘structuralism at John Hopkins university. - “Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the human sciences.” the ultimate meaning of the three Discourse very important documents of contemporary literary theory. As it inaugurates what is known as post structuralism. 

5.2. • Explain: "Language bears within itself the necessity of its own critique."

Derrida pushes the established notion of the centre to the point or 'rupture' in the history of thought on structurality. Language contains all the assumptions , coded into it. So the ultimate meaning of the quote is that, the way we use language and the words we choose can sometimes contain flaws or limitations. 

6. Yale School : 

6.1. • The Yale School: the hub of the practitioners of Deconstruction in the literary theories

The Yale school/university of the Department of \English has played a very important role in propagation of Derrida’s ideas in America and consequently into the world. Deconstruction going on into Yale , it's become very new and fashionable, a real breaking on the scene after new criticism which was something more than new criticism and people associated with this department. 

6.2. • The characteristics of the Yale School of Deconstruction

First characteristic is the language as a very problematic entity so all these four critics on the figurative component of literature. They showed that literature can create multiplicity of meaning by focusing on various figures of speech. The second one is that they question both the aesthetic as well as formalist approach to literature ; and also question the historicist or sociologist approach to literature. And third one is that an important characteristic of Yale school is their  preoccupation with romanticism. 

7. Other Schools and Deconstruction : 

 7.1. • How other schools like New Historicism, Cultural Materialism, Feminism, Marxism and Postcolonial theorists used Deconstruction?

Deconstruction going on into yale. It is very new and became a kind of a real breaking on the scene after new criticism which was something more new than new criticism. It is very fashionable and people are associated with Yale school or university.